Law

Constitution and administrative law

1. Constitution and Constitutionalism: The distinctive features of the Constitution.
2. Fundamental rights – Public interest litigation; Legal Aid; Legal services authority.
3. Relationship between fundamental rights, directive principles, and fundamental duties.
4. The constitutional position of the President and relation with the Council of Ministers.
5. Governor and his powers.
6. Supreme Court and High Courts:
   • Appointments and transfers.
   • Powers, functions, and jurisdiction.
7. Centre, States, and local bodies:
   • Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.
   • Local bodies.
   • Administrative relationship among Union, State, and Local Bodies.
   • Eminent domain – State property – common property – community property.
8. Legislative powers, privileges, and immunities.
9. Services under the Union and the States:
   • Recruitment and conditions of services; Constitutional safeguards; Administrative tribunals.
   • Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions – Power and functions
   • Election Commission – Power and functions.
10. Emergency provisions.
11. Amendment of the Constitution.
12. Principles of natural justice – Emerging trends and judicial approach.
13. Delegated legislation and its constitutionality.
14. Separation of powers and constitutional governance.
15. Judicial review of administrative action.
16. Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.

International law

1. Nature and definition of international law.
2. Relationship between international law and municipal law.
3. State recognition and state succession.
4. Law of the sea: Inland waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, high seas.
5. Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human rights, and procedures available for their enforcement.
6. The territorial jurisdiction of States, extradition, and asylum.
7. Treaties: Formation, application, termination, and reservation.
8. United Nations: Its principal organs, powers, functions and reform.
9. Peaceful settlement of disputes – different modes.
10. Lawful recourse to force: aggression, self-defense, intervention.
11. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law – International conventions and contemporary developments.
12. The legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on the testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear – non-proliferation treaty, CTBT.
13. International terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism, hijacking, international criminal court.
14. New international economic order and monetary law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.
15. Protection and improvement of the human environment: International efforts.

Law of crimes

1. General principles of criminal liability: Men’s rea and actus reus, men’s rea in statutory offenses.
2. Kinds of punishment and emerging trends as to abolition of capital punishment.
3. Preparation and criminal attempt.
4. General exceptions.
5. Joint and constructive liability.
6. Abetment.
7. Criminal conspiracy.
8. Offenses against the State.
9. Offenses against public tranquillity.
10. Offenses against the human body.
11. Offenses against the property.
12. Offenses against women.
13. Defamation.
14. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
15. Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and subsequent legislative developments. 16. Plea bargaining.

Law of torts

1. Nature and definition.
2. Liability is based upon fault and strict liability; Absolute liability.
3. Vicarious liability includes State liability.
4. General defenses.
5. Joint tortfeasors.
6. Remedies.
7. Negligence.
8. Defamation.
9. Nuisance.
10. Conspiracy.
11. False imprisonment.
12. Malicious prosecution.
13. Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Law of contract and mercantile law.

1. Nature and formation of contract/E-contract.
2. Factors vitiating free consent.
3. Void, voidable, illegal, and unenforceable agreements.
4. Performance and discharge of contracts.
5. Quasi-contracts.
6. Consequences of breach of contract.
7. Contract of indemnity, guarantee and insurance.
8. Contract of the agency.
9. Sale of goods and hire purchase.
10. Formation and dissolution of the partnership.
11. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
12. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
13. Standard form contracts.

Contemporary legal development

1. Public Interest Litigation.
2. Intellectual property rights—Concept, types/prospects.
3. Information Technology Law including Cyber Laws—Concept, purpose/prospects.
4. Competition Law—Concept, purpose/prospects.
5. Alternate Dispute Resolution—Concept, types/prospects.
6. Major statutes concerning environmental law.
7. Right to Information Act.
8. Trial by media.